Author: Gamals Ahmed, CoinEx Business Ambassador
​
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ABSTRACT

Aryacoin is a new cryptocurrency, which allows for decentralized, peer to peer transactions of electronic cash. It is like Bitcoin and Litecoin, but the trading of the coin occurs on sales platforms that have no restriction to use. Further, it was created with the goal of addressing the double spend issues of Bitcoin and does so using a timestamp server to verify transactions. It works by taking the hash of a block of items to be timestamped and widely publishing the hash. The timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time in order to get the hash. Each timestamp then includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain.
The Aryacoin team is continuously developing new use cases for the coin, including exchanges where users can exchange the coins without any fees or restrictions, and offline options where the coins can be bought and sold for cash. The coins can also be used on the company’s other platform, mrdigicoin.io. Along with the coin, there is a digital wallet that can be created and controlled by the user entirely, with no control being retained by the Aryacoin team.

1.INTRODUCTION

The concept of Blockchain first came to fame in October 2008, as part of a proposal for Bitcoin, with the aim to create P2P money without banks. Bitcoin introduced a novel solution to the age-old human problem of trust. The underlying blockchain technology allows us to trust the outputs of the system without trusting any actor within it. People and institutions who do not know or trust each other, reside in different countries, are subject to different jurisdictions, and who have no legally binding agreements with each other, can now interact over the Internet without the need for trusted third parties like banks, Internet platforms, or other types of clearing institutions.
When bitcoin was launched it was revolutionary allowing people to transfer money to anytime and anywhere with very low transaction fees . It was decentralized and their is no third party involved in the transaction , only the sender and receiver were involved.
This paper provide a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions.The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes. Bitcoin was made so that it would not be controlled or regulated but now exchanges and governments are regulating bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies at every step. Aryacoin was developed to overcome these restrictions on a free currency.
Aryacoin is a new age cryptocurrency, which withholds the original principle on which the concept of cryptocurrency was established. Combining the best in blockchain technology since the time of its creation, Aryacoin strives to deliver the highest trading and mining standards for its community.

1.1 OVERVIEW ABOUT ARYACOIN

Aryacoin is a new age cryptocurrency, which withholds the original principle on which the concept of cryptocurrency was established. Combining the best in blockchain technology since the time of its creation, Aryacoin strives to deliver the highest trading and mining standards for its community.
Aryacoin is a blockchain based project that allows users to access their wallet on the web and mobile browsers, using their login details.
Aryacoin can be mined; it also can be exchanged by other digital currencies in several world-famous exchanges such as Hitbtc, CoinEx, P2pb2b, WhiteBit, Changelly and is also listed in reputable wallets such as Coinomi and Guarda.
Aryacoin is a coin, which can be used by anyone looking to use cryptocurrency which allows them to keep their privacy even when buying/selling the coin along with while using the coin during transactions. Proof of work and cryptographic hashes allows transactions to verified.
Stable Fee Per AYA is a unique feature of Aryacoin, so by increasing the amount or volume of the transaction, there is no change in the fee within the network, which means that the fee for sending an amount less than 1 AYA is equal to several hundred million AYA. Another unique feature of Aryacoin is the undetectability of transactions in Explorer, such as the DASH and Monero, of course, this operation is unique to Aryacoin.
Using Aryacoin digital currency, like other currencies, international transactions can be done very quickly and there are no limitations in this area as the creators claim.
Aryacoin aims to allow users to access the Aryacoin wallet via the web and mobile browsers using their login details.
Aryacoin is a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that enables users to send and receive payments directly from one party to another, and allow them to transfer funds across borders with no restriction or third party involvement. The blockchain-based system embraces the digital signature, which prevents double spending and low transfer fees, which enables users to transfer huge amounts with very low fees. The proof-of-work consensus mechanism allows each transaction to be verified and confirmed, while anonymity enables users to use the coin anywhere at any time.
According to the website of the operation, each wallet is divided into 2 or more AYA wallet addresses for each transaction, and depending on the volume of the transaction block, the origin, and destination of transactions in the network can not be traced and displayed to the public.
In fact, each wallet in Aryacoin consists of a total of several wallets. The number of these wallets increases per transaction to increase both security and privacy. Aryacoin also uses the dPoW protocol. In the dPoW protocol, a second layer is added to the network to verify transactions, which makes “51% attack” impossible even with more than half of the network hash, and blocks whose Blockchain uses this second layer of security never run the risk of 51% attacks.
AYA has been listed on a number of crypto exchanges, unlike other main cryptocurrencies, it cannot be directly purchased with fiats money. However, You can still easily buy this coin by
first buying Bitcoin from any large exchanges and then transfer to the exchange that offers to trade this coin.

1.1.1 ARYACOIN HISTORY

Aryacoin (AYA) is a new cryptocurrency, which has been created by a group of Iranian developers, is an altcoin which allows for decentralised, peer to peer transactions of electronic cash without any fees whatsoever. Along with the coin, there is a digital wallet that can be created and managed by the user entirely, with no control being retained by the Aryacoin team.
Aryacoin’s founder, Kiumars Parsa, has been a fan of alternative currencies and particularly Bitcoin.
“We see people from all around the world using Blockchain technology and the great benefits that came with it and it then that I decided to solve this puzzle for find a way of bringing the last missing piece to the jigsaw. The idea for Aryacoin was born.” Parsa said.
Parsa and his team of Iranian ex-pats not only persevered but expedited the project and just a year later, in the summer of 2019, the first version of Aryacoin was released. In 2020, Aryacoin is the first and only Iranian coin listed on CMC.
Parsa goes on to state that it is now the strength of the community that has invested in the coin that will ultimately drive its success, alongside its robust technology and appealing 0% network fees.
“We have thousands of voices behind Aryacoin. People for the people make this coin. It is a massive shout out for democracy. This had made us base the whole team strategy on the benefits for both our users and our traders.”
“One key example is that the network fee on AYA Blockchain is 0%. Yes, absolutely nothing, which which differentiates us from other networks. What also differentiates us from other coins is that we have AYAPAY which is the first cryptocurrency Gateway in the world which does not save funds on third party storage with all funds being forwarded directly to any wallet address that the Gateway owner requests”.
“So for the first time ever, and unlike other gateways, incoming funds will be saved on the users account with submitted withdrawal requests then made on the Gateway host website. In AYAPAY which has also been developed by the Aryacoin team, all funds without extra fees or extra costs will directly forwarded to users wallets. We have named this technology as CloudWithdrawal.”
“We are continuously challenging ourselves as it is a crowded marketplace. We are striving to have a safer Blockchain against 51% attacks, faster confirmations speeds of transactions, cheaper network fee, growing the market by cooperation with Top tier Exchangers.”

1.1.2 ARYACOIN’S MAIN GOAL

Aryacoin’s main goal is to educate people and give them the freedom to use cryptocurrency in any way they want. Aryacoin empowers the users to transfer, pay, trade cryptocurrency from any country around the globe.
Platforms that have been created by Aryacoin Team, as well as those that will go live in future, operate on the same principle and exclude absolutely no one.

1.1.3 PROBLEM ARYACOIN SEEKS TO SOLVE

Aryacoin aims to provide a long-term solution to the problem of double spending, which is still common in the crypto market. The developers of the system have created a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server that generates computational proof of the transactions as they occur.
Besides, the system remains secure provided honest nodes control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes. While Bitcoin was designed not to be regulated or controlled, many exchanges and governments have put regulatory measures on the pioneer cryptocurrency at every step. Aryacoin aims to overcome these restrictions as a free digital currency.

1.1.4 BENEFITS OF USING ARYACOIN

Aryacoin solution offers the following benefits:

• Real-time update: whether you’re going on a holiday or a business trip, no problem. You can access your coins all over the world.
• Instant operations: Aryacoin makes it quite easy for you to use your digital wallet and perform various operations with it.
• Safe and secure: all your data is stored encrypted and can only be decrypted with your private key, seed, or password.
• Strong security: The system has no control over your wallet. You are 100% in charge of your wallet and funds.

1.1.5 ARYACOIN FEATURES

1. Anonymity
The coin provides decent level of anonymity for all its users. The users can send their transactions to any of the public nodes to be broadcasted , the transaction sent to the nodes should be signed by the private key of the sender address . This allows the users to use the coin anywhere any time , sending transactions directly to the node allows users from any place and country .
2. Real Life Usage
aryacoin’s team is continuously developing new and innovative ways to use the coins , they are currently developing exchanges where the users can exchange the coins without any fees and any restrictions . They also are currently developing other innovative technologies, which would allow users to spend our coins everywhere and anywhere.
3. Offline Exchanges
They are also working with different offline vendors which would enable them to buy and sell the coins directly to our users on a fixed/variable price this would allow easy buy/sell directly using cash . This would allow the coins to be accessible to users without any restrictions which most of the online exchanges have, also increase the value and number of users along with new ways to spend the coin. This would increase anonymity level of the
coin. In addition, introduce new users into the cryptomarket and technology. Creating a revolution, which educates people about crypto and introduce them to the crypto world, which introduces a completely new group of people into crypto and a move towards a Decentralized future!
4. Transactions
When it comes to transactions, Aryacoin embraces a chain of digital signatures, where each owner simply transfers the coin to the next person by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner. The recipient can then verify the signatures to confirm the chain of ownership. Importantly, Aryacoin comes with a trusted central authority that checks every transaction for double spending.
5. Business Partner with Simplex
Aryacoin is the first and only Iranian digital currency that managed to obtain a trading license in other countries.
In collaboration with the foundation and financial giant Simplex, a major cryptocurrency company that has large companies such as Binance, P2P, Changelly, etc. Aryacoin has been licensed to enter the world’s major exchanges, as well as the possibility of purchasing AYA through Credit Cards, which will begin in the second half of 2020.
Also, the possibility of purchasing Aryacoin through Visa and MasterCard credit cards will be activated simultaneously inside the Aryacoin site. plus, in less than a year, AYA will be placed next to big names such as CoinCapMarket, Coinomi, P2P, Coinpayments and many other world-class brands today.

1.1.6 WHY CHOOSE ARYACOIN?

If you want to use a cryptocurrency that allows you to keep your privacy online even when buying and selling the coins, the Aryacoin team claims that AYA is the way to go. Aryacoin is putting in the work: with more ways to buy and sell, and fixing the issues that were present in the original Bitcoin, plus pushing the boundaries with innovative solutions in cryptocurrencies. You can get started using Aryacoin (AYA) payments simply by having a CoinPayments account!

1.1.7 ARYANA CENTRALIZED EXCHANGE

Aryana, the first Iranian exchange is a unique platform with the following features:

• The first real international Persian exchange that obtains international licenses and is listed in CoinMarketCap.
• The first Iranian exchange that has been cooperating with a legal and European exchange for 3 years.
• The possibility of trading in Tomans (available currency in Iran) at the user’s desired price and getting rid of the transaction prices imposed by domestic sites inside Iran.
• There is an internal fee payment plan by Iranian domestic banks for depositing and withdrawing Tomans for Aryacoin holders in Aryana Exchange.
• The number that you see on the monitor and in your account will be equal to the number that is transferred to your bank account without a difference of one Rial.
• The last but not least, noting the fact that there is a trading in Tomans possibility in Aryana exchange.

Aryana Exchange is using the most powerful, fastest, and most expensive server in the world, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), which is currently the highest quality server for an Iranian site, so that professional traders do not lag behind the market even for a second.
The feature of Smart Trading Robots is one of the most powerful features for digital currency traders. Digital cryptocurrency traders are well aware of how much they will benefit from smart trading robots. In the Aryana exchange, it is possible to connect exchange user accounts to intelligent trading bots and trade even when they are offline.
The injection of $ 1 million a day in liquidity by the WhiteBite exchange to maintain and support the price of Tether and eliminate the Tether fluctuations with Bitcoin instabilities used by profiteers to become a matter of course.

1.1.8 HOW DOES ARYACOIN WORK?

Aryacoin (AYA) tries to ensure a high level of security and privacy. The team has made sure to eliminate any trading restrictions for the network users: no verification is required to carry out transactions on AYA, making the project truly anonymous, decentralized, and giving it a real use in day-to-day life. The Delayed-Proof-of-Work (dPoW) algorithm makes the Aryacoin blockchain immune to any attempts of a 51% attack. AYA defines a coin as a chain of digital signatures — each owner transfers the coin to the next owner by digitally signing the hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner, and the receiver verifies the signatures and the chain of ownership.

2. ARYACOIN TECHNOLOGY

2.1 PROOF-OF-WORK

They use a proof-of-work system similar to Adam Back’s Hashcash to implement a distributed timestamp server on a peer-to-peer basis, rather than newspaper or Usenet publications. The proof-of-work involves scanning for a value that when hashed, such as with SHA-256, the hash begins with a number of zero bits. The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits required and can be verified by executing a single hash.
For their timestamp network, they implement the proof-of-work by incrementing a nonce in the block until a value is found that gives the block’s hash the required zero bits. Once the CPU effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work. As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it.
The proof-of-work also solves the problem of determining representation in majority decision making. If the majority were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be subverted by anyone able to allocate many IPs. Proof-of-work is essentially one-CPU-one-vote. The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest proof-of-work effort invested in it. If honest nodes control a majority of CPU power, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains. To modify a past
block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it, then catch up with, and surpass the work of the honest nodes.

2.2 NETWORK

The steps to run the network are as follows:

• New transactions are broadcast to all nodes.
• Each node collects new transactions into a block.
• Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block.
• When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes.
• Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent.

This is a very simple system that makes the network fast and scalable, while also providing a decent level of anonymity for all users. Users can send their transactions to any of the public nodes to be broadcast, and the private key of the sender’s address should sign any transaction sent to the nodes. This way, all transaction info remains strictly confidential. It also allows users to send transactions directly to the node from any place at any time and allows the transferring of huge amounts with very low fees.

2.3 AYAPAY PAYMENT SERVICES GATEWAY:

According to creators Aryacoin, the development team has succeeded in inventing a new blockchain technology for the first time in the world, which is undoubtedly a big step and great news for all digital currency enthusiasts around the world.
This new technology has been implemented on the Aryacoin AYAPAY platform and was unveiled on October 2. AYAPAY payment platform is the only payment gateway in the world that does not save money in users’ accounts and transfers incoming coins directly to any wallet address requested by the gateway owner without any additional transaction or fee.
In other similar systems or even systems such as PayPal, money is stored in the user account.

2.4 CONSENSUS ALGORITHM IN ARYACOIN

The devs introduced the Delayed-Proof-of-Work (dPoW) algorithm, which represents a hybrid consensus method that allows one blockchain to take advantage of the security provided by the hashing power of another blockchain. The AYA blockchain works on dPoW and can use such consensus methods as Proof-of-Work (PoW) or Proof-of-Stake (PoS) and join to any desired PoW blockchain. The main purpose of this is to allow the blockchain to continue operating without notary nodes on the basis of its original consensus method. In this situation, additional security will no longer be provided through the attached blockchain, but this is not a particularly significant problem. dPoW can improve the security level and reduce energy consumption for any blockchain.

2.5 DOUBLE-SPEND PROBLEM AND SOLUTION

One of the main problems in the blockchain world is that a receiver is unable to verify whether or not one of the senders did not double-spend. Aryacoin provides the solution, and has established a trusted central authority, or mint, that checks every transaction for double-spending. Only the mint can issue a new coin and all the coins issued directly from the mint are trusted and cannot be double-spent. However, such a system cannot therefore
be fully decentralized because it depends on the company running the mint, similar to a bank. Aryacoin implements a scheme where the receiver knows that the previous owners did not sign any earlier transactions. The mint is aware of all transactions including which of them arrived first. The developers used an interesting solution called the Timestamp Server, which works by taking a hash of a block of items to be ‘timestamped’ and publishing the hash. Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain. To modify a block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of all previous blocks, then catch up with, and surpass the work of the honest nodes. This is almost impossible, and makes the network processes more secure. The proof-of-work difficulty varies according to circumstances. Such an approach ensures reliability and high throughput.

3. ARYACOIN ROADMAP

April 2019: The launch of Aryacoin; AYA ICO, resulting in over 30BTC collected
December 2019: The launch of AYA Pay
April 2020: The successful Hamedan Hardfork, supported by all AYA exchanges, aimed at integrating the dPoW algorithm, improving the security of the AYA blockchain.
June 2020: Aryana Exchange goes live, opening more trading opportunities globally
July 2020: The enabling of our Coin Exchanger
November 2020: The implementation of Smart Contracts into the Aryacoin Ecosystem
Q1 2021: Alef B goes live (more details coming soon)

4. THE NUCYBER NETWORK COMMUNITY & SOCIAL

Website: https://aryacoin.io/
Explorer: https://explorer.aryacoin.io/
Github: https://github.com/Aryacoin/Aryacoin
Twitter: 1.1k followers https://twitter.com/AryacoinAYA
Reddit: 442 members https://github.com/nucypher
Instagram: 3.8k followers https://www.instagram.com/mrdigicoin/ Telegram: 5.9k subscribers https://t.me/AYA_Global

5. SUMMARY

Aryacoin (AYA) is a new age cryptocurrency that combines the best of the blockchain technology and strives to deliver high trading and mining standards, enabling users to make peer-to-peer decentralized transactions of electronic cash. Aryacoin is part of an ecosystem that includes payment gateway Ayapay and the Ayabank. AYA has a partnership with the Microsoft Azure cloud platform, which provides the ability to develop applications and store data on servers located in distributed data centers. The network fee for the AYA Blockchain is 0%. In Ayapay service, which has been developed by the Aryacoin team, all funds without extra fees or costs are directly forwarded to users’ wallets with technology called CloudWithdrawal. The devs team is introducing new use cases including exchanges where users will exchange AYA without any restrictions. You can buy AYA on an exchange of your choice, create an Aryacoin wallet, and store it in Guarda.

6. REFERENCES

1) https://coincodex.com/crypto/aryacoin/
2) https://www.icosandstos.com/coin/Aryacoin%20AYA/YuXO60UPF3
3) https://www.publish0x.com/iran-and-cryptocurrency/a-brief-introduction-of-aryacoin-first-ever-iranian-cryptocu-xoldlom
4) https://techround.co.uk/cryptocurrency/aryacoin-the-digital-currency-created-by-iranians/
5) https://bitcoinexchangeguide.com/aryacoin/
6) https://blog.coinpayments.net/coin-spotlight/aryacoin
7) https://guarda.com/aryacoin-wallet

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Plus you'll earn up to 8.6% per year on the cryptos you deposit into your BlockFi account like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, PAX, GUSD and USDC. Interest is compounded monthly and paid out every month.
BlockFi supports bank wire transfers and deposits via crypto. If you want to buy crypto and deposit on BlockFi, you will need to use Coinbase, Gemini or Binance US to link your bank account to buy crypto and transfer to BlockFi.
In addition to earning interest on your crypto deposits, BlockFi allows you to exchange cryptos like BTC for Ethereum and take out a loan without selling your crypto.
BlockFi is available to all customers globally including in all 50 US states! BlockFi is a licensed and regulated company in the United States.
Remember to sign up at https://blockfi.com/?ref=c316afd8 to get your $10 in free Bitcoin bonus.
Thank you!

Celsius Network ($40 in Free Bitcoin + Up to 11% APY Interest)

Sign up on Celsius Network (https://celsiusnetwork.app.link/1891962be1) and you'll get $10 in free Bitcoin (BTC) after first deposit of $200 or more in crypto (like Bitcoin, Ripple, Ethereum, USDT, USDC) within 30 days! In addition, there are 3 additional promotional codes that you can input into the app after you complete the registration and KYC process which will earn you an additional $30 in free Bitcoin/crypto after qualifying additional deposits totaling $200 or more. You'll earn a total of $40 in free Bitcoin/crypto bonuses!
You'll also earn up to 11% APY interest on all the cryptos you deposit including BTC, ETH, BCH, LTC, XRP, XLM, and USD stablecoin (like USDC, USDT, DAI, PAX) with no fees to deposit or withdrawal!
After you make your initial $200 or more in crypto deposit to get $10 in free Bitcoin, enter the following 3 promo codes in the app to earn additional $30 more free Bitcoin:

• PAKMAN / POV / APRIL0410 - Get $10 free in BTC after depositing $100+ and holding it for 30 days with each promo code

DO NOT WITHDRAW any crypto from your account for 30 days OR YOU WILL LOSE the bonuses. Wait until all bonuses are unlocked (after 30 days) if you wish to withdraw your crypto.
I love Celsius because interest is paid out every Monday! Your free Bitcoin is locked for 30 days after your initial deposit and available to withdrawal after 30 days. You cannot withdraw any funds deposited for 30 days or else you will lose the Bitcoin bonus!
At the moment you can't link a bank account to deposit cash to your Celsius Network account so you'll need to use Coinbase or Binance US or Gemini to buy crypto like Bitcoin or USDC and transfer to your Celsius account. Then transfer back to cash out and back to your bank.
Remember to use my Celsius Network referral link - https://celsiusnetwork.app.link/1891962be1 or use promo code 1891962be1 during registration.
In summary, you will earn a total of $40 in free crypto/Bitcoin after depositing at least $500+ in crypto into your Celsius Network account within 30 days.
Thank you!

Gemini ($10 in Free Bitcoin)

Get $10 in free Bitcoin when you signup for Gemini, a US-based Regulated Cryptocurrency Exchange. This offer is available to NEW USERS ONLY residing in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea.
Follow these steps:

1. Sign up for a Gemini account with my referral link at https://gemini.com/share/mllyldt7 (new users only)
2. Verify your identity
3. Link your bank account and deposit money
4. Buy or Sell 100 USD of any crypto within 30 days of opening an account and Gemini will deposit your bonus of $10 worth of Bitcoin within a day.

After you receive your free $10 of Bitcoin, you can sell your cryptos and transfer the cash back to your bank! Gemini also allows you to transfer any crypto to an external wallet for free with no withdrawal fees.
Thank you!

Coinbase ($10 in Free Bitcoin + $160 in Bonus Crypto)

Sign up on Coinbase (https://www.coinbase.com/join/5a29d6adad50d7010b47bac0) and get $10 of free Bitcoin (BTC) after you buy or sell $100 or more in cryptocurrency like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Bitcoin Cash. You will also need to verify your identity.
In addition, get up to $160 in free cryptocurrency by learning, watching videos, and answering simple questions about other cryptocurrencies like XRP, DAI and EOS without any deposit or trading required. You can easily make up to $170 in free cryptocurrency and cash out the money back to your bank!
Plus if you're a US customer, you earn 1.25% APY interest holding USDC tokens!
Coinbase is one of the most trusted and easiest place to buy, sell, and manage your digital currency portfolio and its available in 100+ countries around the world!
Remember to use my referral link to get your $10 of free Bitcoin after trading $100 or more in crypto plus another $160 in free bonuses - https://www.coinbase.com/join/5a29d6adad50d7010b47bac0
Thank you!

Crypterium ($5 Cash Bonus)

Have you tried the Crypterium App (https://crypterium.app.link/DU5iX9vsDY) for iOS and Android? It lets you buy, send, exchange or cash out crypto, and even get the first global crypto card! The Crypterium Wallet is regarded as one of the most promising fintech solutions by KPMG and H2 Ventures. Making crypto as easy to spend as cash!
To get the $5 cash bonus, you must verify your identity and make a transaction worth €50/$60 or more (like buy crypto) via the Crypterium Wallet app.
For a limited time, Crypterium allows you to reserve the Telegram GRAM token, the hottest token of 2019, at the best price for as low as $3.50 per GRAM token before its on publicly on sale!
Register at https://crypterium.app.link/DU5iX9vsDY to receive a link to download the app or use my referral code cdgy4 during signup at https://crypterium.com and get your $5 cash bonus!
Thank you!
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https://preview.redd.it/rwp9ea44zdw41.png?width=2178&format=png&auto=webp&s=b0d3860f04b29d536de3d2adb35c859bd7113d48

Get up to five (5) free stocks (valued up to $2600 total) plus a $85 cash bonus when you sign up for any commission free stock trading app with no deposit required like Webull (1 free stock), Firstrade (1 free stock), and Robinhood (1 free stock). You'll get another free stock from Webull after $100 or more deposit and Moomoo after $500 or more deposit. Free stocks are available to US residents only.
Plus enjoy a minimum of $80 (up to $240) in free cash/Bitcoin bonuses from Voyager ($25 Bitcoin), Celsius Network ($30 Bitcoin Bonus), Gemini ($10 Bitcoin), Coinbase ($10 Bitcoin + $160 Bonus), and Crypterium ($5 Cash) by signing up and making a small deposits/transactions! All companies are regulated and licensed. Celsius Network, Gemini, BlockFi, Coinbase, and Crypterium are open to users globally, but Voyager and Binance.US are available to US customers only.
More details below! Be sure to use each referral link to get your free stock, cash, and Bitcoin bonuses and thank you!

• Webull with 2 Free Stocks - https://www.reddit.com/Webull/comments/afcvjd/first_referral_code_exchange_thread_of_2019/erox3ts
• Firstrade with 1 Free Stock - https://share.firstrade.com/DavidMPYG
• Moomoo with 1 Free Stock - https://j.moomoo.com/000SBg
• M1 Finance with $10 Cash Bonus - https://m1.finance/wG5ouGBolHyU
• SoFi Invest with $75 Cash Bonus - https://www.sofi.com/share/invest/1919989
• Robinhood with 1 Free Stock - http://invite.robinhood.com/davids2005
• Voyager Crypto Trading App with $25 in Free Bitcoin - https://apps.apple.com/us/app/voyager-buy-bitcoin-crypto/id1396178579 or https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.investvoyager (and use code O6E5JJ during signup)
• Celsius Network with $30 in Free Bitcoin - https://celsiusnetwork.app.link/1891962be1 (or use promo code 1891962be1 during signup)
• Gemini with $10 in Free Bitcoin - https://gemini.com/share/mllyldt7
• BlockFi (Earn up to 8.6% Interest on Crypto) - https://blockfi.com/?ref=c316afd8
• Coinbase with $10 in Free Bitcoin + $160 Bonus - https://www.coinbase.com/join/5a29d6adad50d7010b47bac0
• Crypterium Wallet App with $5 Cash Bonus - https://crypterium.app.link/DU5iX9vsDY (or referral code cdgy4 during signup)

Webull (2 Free Stocks up to $1400)

Sign up for Webull Commission-Free Stock Trading App and receive a free stock (valued $2.50-$250) when you open a stock brokerage account (within 24 hours) with no deposit required.
Plus, if you make an initial deposit of $100 or more within 30 days, you'll get another free stock worth between $12 to $1400!
That's two free stocks (with chance to win stocks like Facebook and Microsoft)! Webull is available on Android and iOS!
Webull is registered and regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). It is also a member of the SIPC which protects securities customers of its members up to $500,000 (including $250,000 for claims for cash).
For some reason Reddit auto mod is removing Webull referral links. So to access my referral to earn two free stocks, please visit my webpage https://sites.google.com/view/webull/home or visit the Reddit comment here for referral ending in Vofifd5bibi6 - https://www.reddit.com/Webull/comments/afcvjd/first_referral_code_exchange_thread_of_2019/erox3ts
Thank you!

Firstrade (1 Free Stock up to $200)

Sign up and open a Firstrade Stock Trading Account (https://share.firstrade.com/DavidMPYG) and get a free stock instantly (valued up to $200) when your regular investment (non-retirement) trading account is approved. No initial deposit is required to open your trading account.
Firstrade offers commission free stock, ETF and mutual funds trading via the web or mobile apps (iOS and Android)! Plus your account is SIPC insured! You're guaranteed a free stock between $3 - $200 with a 1 in 100 chance of getting Apple, Facebook, AMD or Bank of America!
I've been a customer of Firstrade since 2005 and their app is beautifully designed and easy to use. Firstrade is the only online brokerage service with no commission mutual fund trades plus no commission stock and ETF trades.
Be sure to use my Firstrade signup link and thank you! - https://share.firstrade.com/DavidMPYG

Moomoo (1 Free Stock up to $1000)

Sign up for Moomoo Commission Free Stock Trading App (https://j.moomoo.com/000SBg) and open a trading account and you'll receive a free stock (valued between $10-$1000) when you make an initial deposit of $500 or more. You'll have a chance to get Netflix, Beyond Meat, Uber or Groupon!
You don't need to buy stocks with your deposit. You can simply get your free stock, sell it and cash out back to your bank. It took me about 20 minutes for my account to get verified and receive my free stock for just opening a trading account.
Moomoo (Futu Inc.) is a member of FINRA and SIPC so your account is protected up to $500,000. Moomoo app is available for iOS and Android!
Be sure to signup with my referral link to get your free stocks! - https://j.moomoo.com/000SBg
Thank you!

M1 Finance ($10 Cash Bonus)

Sign up for a free M1 Finance stock trading account (https://m1.finance/wG5ouGBolHyU) and you'll get a $10 cash bonus after you make an initial deposit of $100 or more when you open a taxable (non-retirement) account. You can choose to invest the cash bonus or withdrawal the money to your bank!
If you open a taxable (non-retirement) account, then you must make initial deposit of $100 or more to get $10 cash bonus. If you open an IRA account, then you must make initial deposit of $500 or more to get bonus and open a taxable (non-retirement) account.
M1 Finance allows you to buy fractional shares as low as $0.01 on stocks and ETFs like Tesla, Amazon, and Google with no trading/commission fees plus there are no monthly fees or account minimums. You can open a regular investment, IRA, and/or Roth IRA account plus your accounts are SIPC and FDIC insured!
Be sure to use my M1 Finance signup link - https://m1.finance/wG5ouGBolHyU
Thank you!

SoFi Invest ($75 Cash Bonus)

Open a SoFi Invest Account (https://www.sofi.com/share/invest/1919989) today and get a $50 cash bonus to invest in ANY stock or ETF with no trading fees!
Just open a SoFi Invest Account with an initial deposit of $1000 or more and SoFi will instantly give you a $50 cash bonus to invest in any stock which you can sell and cash out the money back to your bank account.
Plus get another $25 cash bonus when you buy $10 or more of crypto like Bitcoin, Litecoin or Ethereum. That's a total of $75 cash bonuses with SoFi Invest!
I love SoFi Invest because you can invest in any stock or ETF like Apple, Amazon or Google for as low as $1 with fractional share investing and no fees to buy or sell! Be sure to signup at https://www.sofi.com/share/invest/1919989
Thank you!

Robinhood (1 Free Stock up to $200)

Sign up for a free Robinhood stock trading account (http://invite.robinhood.com/davids2005) and you'll get a free stock valued up to $200 instantly (like Ford, Apple or Facebook) with no deposit required! Its free money just for signing up!
Robinhood offers commission-free trading on stocks and ETFs via web and mobile plus your account is SIPC insured! Plus you can signup for a free Cash Management Account with 1.80% APY interest on cash (FDIC insured up to $1.25 million), free Mastercard debit card, no foreign transaction fees, no account minimums and no fee 75,000+ ATMs.
Be sure to use my Robinhood signup link and thanks! - http://invite.robinhood.com/davids2005
Thank you!

Voyager ($25 in Free Bitcoin + Up to 6% APY Interest)

Get $25 in free Bitcoin (BTC) when you download and signup for the Voyager Crypto Trading App with code O6E5JJ and trade at least $100 or more in crypto (buy and/or sell).
To get your $25 in free Bitcoin after trading (buy/sell) $100 or more in crypto, use reward/referral code O6E5JJ during registration:

• Download the iOS app at https://apps.apple.com/us/app/voyager-buy-bitcoin-crypto/id1396178579 - use reward code O6E5JJ
• Download the Android app at https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.investvoyager - use reward code O6E5JJ

The easiest way to get the bonus is depositing $55 into your account to buy Bitcoin/Ethereum. Then sell the Bitcoin/Ethereum immediately. You'll receive your $25 in free Bitcoin bonus and can transfer the money back to your bank.
Voyager App offers commission-free cryptocurrency trading for over 20 cryptos and its currently available to residents in all U.S. states (excluding New York state).
Plus, you can earn monthly interest on your crypto holdings up to 6% APY interest annually on Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, USDC, and USDT!
Please use my referral code by downloading the iOS app or Android app and use reward/referral code O6E5JJ during registration. Its an easy way to earn a $25 worth of free Bitcoin after you buy $100 or more in crypto and cash out the profit back to your bank!
Thank you!

Celsius Network ($30 in Free Bitcoin + Up to 11% APY Interest)

Sign up on Celsius Network (https://celsiusnetwork.app.link/1891962be1) and you'll get $10 in free Bitcoin (BTC) after first deposit of $200 or more in crypto (like Bitcoin, Ripple, Ethereum, USDT, USDC)! In addition, there are 2 additional promotional codes that you can input into the app after you complete the registration and KYC process which will earn you an additional $20 in free Bitcoin/crypto after qualifying additional deposits totaling $200 or more. You'll earn a total of $30 in free Bitcoin/crypto bonuses!
You'll also earn up to 11% APY interest on all the cryptos you deposit including BTC, ETH, BCH, LTC, XRP, XLM, and USD stablecoin (like USDC, USDT, DAI, PAX) with no fees to deposit or withdrawal!
After you make your initial $200 or more in crypto deposit to get $10 in free Bitcoin, enter the following 2 promo codes in the app to earn additional $20 more free Bitcoin:

• CRYPTOLOVE / MINEABLE - Get $10 free in BTC after depositing $100+ and holding it for 30 days with each promo code

DO NOT WITHDRAW any crypto from your account for 30 days OR YOU WILL LOSE the bonuses. Wait until all bonuses are unlocked (after 30 days) if you wish to withdraw your crypto.
I love Celsius because interest is paid out every Monday! Your free Bitcoin is locked for 30 days after your initial deposit and available to withdrawal after 30 days. You cannot withdraw any funds deposited for 30 days or else you will lose the Bitcoin bonus!
At the moment you can't link a bank account to deposit cash to your Celsius Network account so you'll need to use Coinbase or Binance US or Gemini to buy crypto like Bitcoin or USDC and transfer to your Celsius account. Then transfer back to cash out and back to your bank.
Remember to use my Celsius Network referral link - https://celsiusnetwork.app.link/1891962be1 or use promo code 1891962be1 during registration.
In summary, you will earn a total of $30 in free crypto/Bitcoin after depositing at least $400+ in crypto into your Celsius Network account.
Thank you!

Gemini ($10 in Free Bitcoin)

Get $10 in free Bitcoin when you signup for Gemini, a US-based Regulated Cryptocurrency Exchange. This offer is available to NEW USERS ONLY residing in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea.
Follow these steps:

1. Sign up for a Gemini account with my referral link at https://gemini.com/share/mllyldt7 (new users only)
2. Verify your identity
3. Buy or Sell 100 USD of any crypto within 30 days of opening an account and Gemini will deposit your bonus of $10 worth of Bitcoin within a day.

After you receive your free $10 of Bitcoin, you can sell your cryptos and transfer the cash back to your bank! Gemini also allows you to transfer any crypto to an external wallet for free with no withdrawal fees.
Thank you!

BlockFi (Earn up to 8.6% Per Year on Crypto Deposits)

Sign up for BlockFi (https://blockfi.com/?ref=c316afd8) and earn up to 8.6% per year on the cryptos you deposit into your BlockFi account like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, GUSD and USDC. Interest is compounded monthly and paid out every month.
In addition to earning interest on your crypto deposits, BlockFi allows you to exchange cryptos and take out a loan without selling your crypto.
BlockFi is available to all customers globally including in all 50 US states! BlockFi is a licensed and regulated company in the United States.
Remember to sign up at https://blockfi.com/?ref=c316afd8
Thank you!

Coinbase ($10 in Free Bitcoin + $160 in Bonus Crypto)

Sign up on Coinbase (https://www.coinbase.com/join/5a29d6adad50d7010b47bac0) and get $10 of free Bitcoin (BTC) after you buy or sell $100 or more in cryptocurrency like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Bitcoin Cash.
In addition, get up to $160 in free cryptocurrency by learning, watching videos, and answering simple questions about other cryptocurrencies like XRP, DAI and EOS without any deposit or trading required. You can easily make up to $170 in free cryptocurrency and cash out the money back to your bank!
Plus if you're a US customer, you earn 1.25% APY interest holding USDC tokens!
Coinbase is one of the most trusted and easiest place to buy, sell, and manage your digital currency portfolio and its available in 100+ countries around the world!
Remember to use my referral link to get your $10 of free Bitcoin after trading $100 or more in crypto plus another $160 in free bonuses - https://www.coinbase.com/join/5a29d6adad50d7010b47bac0
Thank you!

Crypterium ($5 Cash Bonus)

Have you tried the Crypterium App (https://crypterium.app.link/DU5iX9vsDY) for iOS and Android? It lets you buy, send, exchange or cash out crypto, and even get the first global crypto card! The Crypterium Wallet is regarded as one of the most promising fintech solutions by KPMG and H2 Ventures. Making crypto as easy to spend as cash!
To get the $5 cash bonus, you must verify your identity and make a transaction worth €50/$60 or more (like buy crypto) via the Crypterium Wallet app.
For a limited time, Crypterium allows you to reserve the Telegram GRAM token, the hottest token of 2019, at the best price for as low as $3.50 per GRAM token before its on publicly on sale!
Register at https://crypterium.app.link/DU5iX9vsDY to receive a link to download the app or use my referral code cdgy4 during signup at https://crypterium.com and get your $5 cash bonus!
Thank you!
​
https://preview.redd.it/phvyy1c2dau41.png?width=2758&format=png&auto=webp&s=26f428d2763b3693f018b2218ce9e91e6e5bf295

• Bitcoin (BTC) is a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency that aims to function as a means of exchange that is independent of any central authority. BTC can be transferred electronically in a secure, verifiable, and immutable way.
• Launched in 2009, BTC is the first virtual currency to solve the double-spending issue by timestamping transactions before broadcasting them to all of the nodes in the Bitcoin network. The Bitcoin Protocol offered a solution to the Byzantine Generals’ Problem with a blockchain network structure, a notion first created by Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta in 1991.
• Bitcoin’s whitepaper was published pseudonymously in 2008 by an individual, or a group, with the pseudonym “Satoshi Nakamoto”, whose underlying identity has still not been verified.
• The Bitcoin protocol uses an SHA-256d-based Proof-of-Work (PoW) algorithm to reach network consensus. Its network has a target block time of 10 minutes and a maximum supply of 21 million tokens, with a decaying token emission rate. To prevent fluctuation of the block time, the network’s block difficulty is re-adjusted through an algorithm based on the past 2016 block times.
• With a block size limit capped at 1 megabyte, the Bitcoin Protocol has supported both the Lightning Network, a second-layer infrastructure for payment channels, and Segregated Witness, a soft-fork to increase the number of transactions on a block, as solutions to network scalability.

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1. What is Bitcoin (BTC)?

• Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency that aims to function as a means of exchange and is independent of any central authority. Bitcoins are transferred electronically in a secure, verifiable, and immutable way.
• Network validators, whom are often referred to as miners, participate in the SHA-256d-based Proof-of-Work consensus mechanism to determine the next global state of the blockchain.
• The Bitcoin protocol has a target block time of 10 minutes, and a maximum supply of 21 million tokens. The only way new bitcoins can be produced is when a block producer generates a new valid block.
• The protocol has a token emission rate that halves every 210,000 blocks, or approximately every 4 years.
• Unlike public blockchain infrastructures supporting the development of decentralized applications (Ethereum), the Bitcoin protocol is primarily used only for payments, and has only very limited support for smart contract-like functionalities (Bitcoin “Script” is mostly used to create certain conditions before bitcoins are used to be spent).

2. Bitcoin’s core features

For a more beginner’s introduction to Bitcoin, please visit Binance Academy’s guide to Bitcoin.

Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) model

A UTXO transaction works like cash payment between two parties: Alice gives money to Bob and receives change (i.e., unspent amount). In comparison, blockchains like Ethereum rely on the account model.
https://preview.redd.it/t1j6anf8f3151.png?width=1601&format=png&auto=webp&s=33bd141d8f2136a6f32739c8cdc7aae2e04cbc47

Nakamoto consensus

In the Bitcoin network, anyone can join the network and become a bookkeeping service provider i.e., a validator. All validators are allowed in the race to become the block producer for the next block, yet only the first to complete a computationally heavy task will win. This feature is called Proof of Work (PoW).
The probability of any single validator to finish the task first is equal to the percentage of the total network computation power, or hash power, the validator has. For instance, a validator with 5% of the total network computation power will have a 5% chance of completing the task first, and therefore becoming the next block producer.
Since anyone can join the race, competition is prone to increase. In the early days, Bitcoin mining was mostly done by personal computer CPUs.
As of today, Bitcoin validators, or miners, have opted for dedicated and more powerful devices such as machines based on Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (“ASIC”).
Proof of Work secures the network as block producers must have spent resources external to the network (i.e., money to pay electricity), and can provide proof to other participants that they did so.
With various miners competing for block rewards, it becomes difficult for one single malicious party to gain network majority (defined as more than 51% of the network’s hash power in the Nakamoto consensus mechanism). The ability to rearrange transactions via 51% attacks indicates another feature of the Nakamoto consensus: the finality of transactions is only probabilistic.
Once a block is produced, it is then propagated by the block producer to all other validators to check on the validity of all transactions in that block. The block producer will receive rewards in the network’s native currency (i.e., bitcoin) as all validators approve the block and update their ledgers.

The blockchain

Block production

The Bitcoin protocol utilizes the Merkle tree data structure in order to organize hashes of numerous individual transactions into each block. This concept is named after Ralph Merkle, who patented it in 1979.
With the use of a Merkle tree, though each block might contain thousands of transactions, it will have the ability to combine all of their hashes and condense them into one, allowing efficient and secure verification of this group of transactions. This single hash called is a Merkle root, which is stored in the Block Header of a block. The Block Header also stores other meta information of a block, such as a hash of the previous Block Header, which enables blocks to be associated in a chain-like structure (hence the name “blockchain”).
An illustration of block production in the Bitcoin Protocol is demonstrated below.
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https://preview.redd.it/m6texxicf3151.png?width=1591&format=png&auto=webp&s=f4253304912ed8370948b9c524e08fef28f1c78d

Block time and mining difficulty

Block time is the period required to create the next block in a network. As mentioned above, the node who solves the computationally intensive task will be allowed to produce the next block. Therefore, block time is directly correlated to the amount of time it takes for a node to find a solution to the task. The Bitcoin protocol sets a target block time of 10 minutes, and attempts to achieve this by introducing a variable named mining difficulty.
Mining difficulty refers to how difficult it is for the node to solve the computationally intensive task. If the network sets a high difficulty for the task, while miners have low computational power, which is often referred to as “hashrate”, it would statistically take longer for the nodes to get an answer for the task. If the difficulty is low, but miners have rather strong computational power, statistically, some nodes will be able to solve the task quickly.
Therefore, the 10 minute target block time is achieved by constantly and automatically adjusting the mining difficulty according to how much computational power there is amongst the nodes. The average block time of the network is evaluated after a certain number of blocks, and if it is greater than the expected block time, the difficulty level will decrease; if it is less than the expected block time, the difficulty level will increase.

What are orphan blocks?

In a PoW blockchain network, if the block time is too low, it would increase the likelihood of nodes producingorphan blocks, for which they would receive no reward. Orphan blocks are produced by nodes who solved the task but did not broadcast their results to the whole network the quickest due to network latency.
It takes time for a message to travel through a network, and it is entirely possible for 2 nodes to complete the task and start to broadcast their results to the network at roughly the same time, while one’s messages are received by all other nodes earlier as the node has low latency.
Imagine there is a network latency of 1 minute and a target block time of 2 minutes. A node could solve the task in around 1 minute but his message would take 1 minute to reach the rest of the nodes that are still working on the solution. While his message travels through the network, all the work done by all other nodes during that 1 minute, even if these nodes also complete the task, would go to waste. In this case, 50% of the computational power contributed to the network is wasted.
The percentage of wasted computational power would proportionally decrease if the mining difficulty were higher, as it would statistically take longer for miners to complete the task. In other words, if the mining difficulty, and therefore targeted block time is low, miners with powerful and often centralized mining facilities would get a higher chance of becoming the block producer, while the participation of weaker miners would become in vain. This introduces possible centralization and weakens the overall security of the network.
However, given a limited amount of transactions that can be stored in a block, making the block time too longwould decrease the number of transactions the network can process per second, negatively affecting network scalability.

3. Bitcoin’s additional features

Segregated Witness (SegWit)

Segregated Witness, often abbreviated as SegWit, is a protocol upgrade proposal that went live in August 2017.
SegWit separates witness signatures from transaction-related data. Witness signatures in legacy Bitcoin blocks often take more than 50% of the block size. By removing witness signatures from the transaction block, this protocol upgrade effectively increases the number of transactions that can be stored in a single block, enabling the network to handle more transactions per second. As a result, SegWit increases the scalability of Nakamoto consensus-based blockchain networks like Bitcoin and Litecoin.
SegWit also makes transactions cheaper. Since transaction fees are derived from how much data is being processed by the block producer, the more transactions that can be stored in a 1MB block, the cheaper individual transactions become.
https://preview.redd.it/depya70mf3151.png?width=1601&format=png&auto=webp&s=a6499aa2131fbf347f8ffd812930b2f7d66be48e
The legacy Bitcoin block has a block size limit of 1 megabyte, and any change on the block size would require a network hard-fork. On August 1st 2017, the first hard-fork occurred, leading to the creation of Bitcoin Cash (“BCH”), which introduced an 8 megabyte block size limit.
Conversely, Segregated Witness was a soft-fork: it never changed the transaction block size limit of the network. Instead, it added an extended block with an upper limit of 3 megabytes, which contains solely witness signatures, to the 1 megabyte block that contains only transaction data. This new block type can be processed even by nodes that have not completed the SegWit protocol upgrade.
Furthermore, the separation of witness signatures from transaction data solves the malleability issue with the original Bitcoin protocol. Without Segregated Witness, these signatures could be altered before the block is validated by miners. Indeed, alterations can be done in such a way that if the system does a mathematical check, the signature would still be valid. However, since the values in the signature are changed, the two signatures would create vastly different hash values.
For instance, if a witness signature states “6,” it has a mathematical value of 6, and would create a hash value of 12345. However, if the witness signature were changed to “06”, it would maintain a mathematical value of 6 while creating a (faulty) hash value of 67890.
Since the mathematical values are the same, the altered signature remains a valid signature. This would create a bookkeeping issue, as transactions in Nakamoto consensus-based blockchain networks are documented with these hash values, or transaction IDs. Effectively, one can alter a transaction ID to a new one, and the new ID can still be valid.
This can create many issues, as illustrated in the below example:

1. Alice sends Bob 1 BTC, and Bob sends Merchant Carol this 1 BTC for some goods.
2. Bob sends Carols this 1 BTC, while the transaction from Alice to Bob is not yet validated. Carol sees this incoming transaction of 1 BTC to him, and immediately ships goods to B.
3. At the moment, the transaction from Alice to Bob is still not confirmed by the network, and Bob can change the witness signature, therefore changing this transaction ID from 12345 to 67890.
4. Now Carol will not receive his 1 BTC, as the network looks for transaction 12345 to ensure that Bob’s wallet balance is valid.
5. As this particular transaction ID changed from 12345 to 67890, the transaction from Bob to Carol will fail, and Bob will get his goods while still holding his BTC.

With the Segregated Witness upgrade, such instances can not happen again. This is because the witness signatures are moved outside of the transaction block into an extended block, and altering the witness signature won’t affect the transaction ID.
Since the transaction malleability issue is fixed, Segregated Witness also enables the proper functioning of second-layer scalability solutions on the Bitcoin protocol, such as the Lightning Network.

Lightning Network

Lightning Network is a second-layer micropayment solution for scalability.
Specifically, Lightning Network aims to enable near-instant and low-cost payments between merchants and customers that wish to use bitcoins.
Lightning Network was conceptualized in a whitepaper by Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja in 2015. Since then, it has been implemented by multiple companies. The most prominent of them include Blockstream, Lightning Labs, and ACINQ.
A list of curated resources relevant to Lightning Network can be found here.
In the Lightning Network, if a customer wishes to transact with a merchant, both of them need to open a payment channel, which operates off the Bitcoin blockchain (i.e., off-chain vs. on-chain). None of the transaction details from this payment channel are recorded on the blockchain, and only when the channel is closed will the end result of both party’s wallet balances be updated to the blockchain. The blockchain only serves as a settlement layer for Lightning transactions.
Since all transactions done via the payment channel are conducted independently of the Nakamoto consensus, both parties involved in transactions do not need to wait for network confirmation on transactions. Instead, transacting parties would pay transaction fees to Bitcoin miners only when they decide to close the channel.
https://preview.redd.it/cy56icarf3151.png?width=1601&format=png&auto=webp&s=b239a63c6a87ec6cc1b18ce2cbd0355f8831c3a8
One limitation to the Lightning Network is that it requires a person to be online to receive transactions attributing towards him. Another limitation in user experience could be that one needs to lock up some funds every time he wishes to open a payment channel, and is only able to use that fund within the channel.
However, this does not mean he needs to create new channels every time he wishes to transact with a different person on the Lightning Network. If Alice wants to send money to Carol, but they do not have a payment channel open, they can ask Bob, who has payment channels open to both Alice and Carol, to help make that transaction. Alice will be able to send funds to Bob, and Bob to Carol. Hence, the number of “payment hubs” (i.e., Bob in the previous example) correlates with both the convenience and the usability of the Lightning Network for real-world applications.

Schnorr Signature upgrade proposal

Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (“ECDSA”) signatures are used to sign transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain.
https://preview.redd.it/hjeqe4l7g3151.png?width=1601&format=png&auto=webp&s=8014fb08fe62ac4d91645499bc0c7e1c04c5d7c4
However, many developers now advocate for replacing ECDSA with Schnorr Signature. Once Schnorr Signatures are implemented, multiple parties can collaborate in producing a signature that is valid for the sum of their public keys.
This would primarily be beneficial for network scalability. When multiple addresses were to conduct transactions to a single address, each transaction would require their own signature. With Schnorr Signature, all these signatures would be combined into one. As a result, the network would be able to store more transactions in a single block.
https://preview.redd.it/axg3wayag3151.png?width=1601&format=png&auto=webp&s=93d958fa6b0e623caa82ca71fe457b4daa88c71e
The reduced size in signatures implies a reduced cost on transaction fees. The group of senders can split the transaction fees for that one group signature, instead of paying for one personal signature individually.
Schnorr Signature also improves network privacy and token fungibility. A third-party observer will not be able to detect if a user is sending a multi-signature transaction, since the signature will be in the same format as a single-signature transaction.

4. Economics and supply distribution

The Bitcoin protocol utilizes the Nakamoto consensus, and nodes validate blocks via Proof-of-Work mining. The bitcoin token was not pre-mined, and has a maximum supply of 21 million. The initial reward for a block was 50 BTC per block. Block mining rewards halve every 210,000 blocks. Since the average time for block production on the blockchain is 10 minutes, it implies that the block reward halving events will approximately take place every 4 years.
As of May 12th 2020, the block mining rewards are 6.25 BTC per block. Transaction fees also represent a minor revenue stream for miners.

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